Today's Brief 25-26/09/2024

Youtube Analysis IE :

https://youtu.be/NNH9Yj5l1Y8?si=Sjjq7h2vG9r6X7Cl

Youtube Analysis JN: https://youtu.be/EYOi6V1jinM?si=C1kdQm3B2N5INbMj

1. Green chemistry (GS-3)- also known as sustainable chemistry, is a branch of chemistry that seeks to design chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. It aims to minimize the environmental impact of chemistry, while still providing the benefits of chemical products.   

1. Here are some key principles of green chemistry:

   
   

   Prevent waste: Design chemical processes to minimize waste.

   Design safer chemicals: Design chemicals that are less toxic and harmful to human health and the environment.

   
   

   Design safer solvents: Use safer solvents and avoid volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

   
   

   Design energy-efficient processes: Use energy-efficient processes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

   
   

   Use renewable resources: Use renewable resources instead of non-renewable ones.

   Reduce derivatives: Minimize the number of steps involved in chemical processes.

   Maximize atom economy: Maximize the amount of atoms from the starting materials that end up in the desired product.

   Avoid unnecessary derivatization: Avoid unnecessary steps in chemical processes.

   Design chemicals to degrade after use: Design chemicals that degrade naturally and do not accumulate in the environment.

   Analyze reactions in real time to prevent accidents: Use real-time monitoring to prevent accidents and minimize waste.

   
   

   Examples of green chemistry applications include:

   
   

   • Biodegradable plastics: Plastics that break down naturally in the environment.

   • Green solvents: Solvents that are less harmful to human health and the environment.

   • Enzyme-catalyzed reactions: Using enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions, which can be more efficient and environmentally friendly than traditional chemical catalysts.

   • Green cleaning products: Cleaning products made from renewable resources and that do not contain harmful chemicals.

   • Green pesticides: Pesticides that are less harmful to insects and the environment.

     
     

   By following the principles of green chemistry, we can create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical industry.

2.Venus (GS-3) :  often called Earth's twin due to its similar size and mass, is the second planet from the Sun. It's a hot, hostile world with a thick atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide, making it the hottest planet in our solar system.

Key characteristics of Venus:

• Hottest planet: With an average surface temperature of around 864 degrees Fahrenheit (462 degrees Celsius), Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system.

• Thick atmosphere: Venus has a thick atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide, which traps heat and causes the planet's extreme temperatures.

• Cloud cover: The planet is permanently covered in thick, sulfuric acid clouds, making it difficult to see the surface from space.

• No moons: Venus has no natural satellites.

• Retrograde rotation: Unlike most planets in our solar system, Venus rotates on its axis in the opposite direction, from east to west.

Interesting facts about Venus:

• Volcanic activity: Venus is thought to have been volcanically active in the past, and there is evidence of recent volcanic activity.

• Coronal mass ejections: Venus is occasionally struck by coronal mass ejections from the Sun, which can cause electrical disturbances in its atmosphere.

• Possibility of life: While the surface conditions of Venus are extremely harsh, some scientists have speculated that there might be microbial life in the planet's atmosphere, where conditions are less extreme.

1. Exercise AL-NAJAH 5: The India-Oman joint military exercise, AL-NAJAH 5 – 2024, currently underway at the Rabkoot Training Area in Oman, is in full swing. The exercise, which began on 13th September, will continue until 26th September

4.Abhed (GS-3) : Indigenous Light Weight Bullet Resistant Jackets – ABHED (Advanced Ballistic High Energy Defeat) are designed and developed at the DRDO Industry Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-COE) (formerly JATC) at IIT Delhi in collaboration with DRDO.

The ABHED: BIS Level 5 rated complies Indian Army GSQR 1438 and the ABHED: BIS Level 6 rated defeats API bullets as well. Testing have conducted at TBRL and BRCTR-NFSU, Gujarat also.

Salient Features

• Modular configurations and 360° protection

• Ergonomic design for Indian soldiers and security forces

• Total protection area ~3400 cm2

• Consists of rigid Hard Armour Panels (HAP), flexible Soft Armour Panels (SAPs) and carrier to accommodate HAPs and SAPs. ABHED BIS Level 5/ (GSQR1438)

• Weight 8kg

• Front HAP strike face defeats 8 Hardened steel core bullets of AK47 with BFS less than 25 mm

• back, sides, Groin and Neck defeats SLR and AK47 Mild steel core bullets with BFS less than 25mm

• Protection against AK-47: Hard Steel Core (HSC), Mild Steel Core (MSC) bullets and SLR bullets ABHED BIS Level 6

• Weight 9.3 kg

• Front HAP strike face defeats 6 Sniper bullets with BFS less than 25mm ❖ Back, sides, Groin and Neck defeats SLR and AK47 Mild steel core bullets with BFS less than 25mm

• Protection against AK-47: HSC, MSC bullets, SLR bullets and 7.62x54R Dragunov API ammunitions.

5.The National Credit Framework (NCrF) (GS-2)  is a framework designed to promote a flexible and inclusive higher education system in India. It aims to provide a standardized system for credit accumulation and transfer, allowing students to earn credits across different institutions and programs.

Key features of the NCrF:

• Standardization of credits: The NCrF establishes a common unit of credit, enabling students to easily compare and transfer credits between institutions.

• Flexibility: The framework provides flexibility for students to choose from a variety of programs and institutions, allowing them to tailor their education to their individual needs and interests.

• Inclusivity: The NCrF aims to make higher education more inclusive by providing opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds and with different learning styles.

• Quality assurance: The framework ensures quality assurance by setting standards for curriculum, teaching-learning methods, and assessment.

Benefits of the NCrF:

• Enhanced mobility: Students can easily transfer credits between institutions, enabling them to pursue their education at different locations or switch programs without losing academic progress.

• Increased access to higher education: The NCrF can help to increase access to higher education by providing more options for students and making it easier for them to complete their degrees.

• Improved employability: The framework can enhance the employability of graduates by providing them with a flexible and adaptable education that meets the needs of the job market.

• Strengthened higher education system: The NCrF can help to strengthen the overall quality and efficiency of the higher education system in India.

  
  

Overall, the NCrF is a significant step towards a more flexible, inclusive, and quality-oriented higher education system in India. It has the potential to transform the way students learn and earn degrees, and to improve the overall quality of higher education in the country

6. Critical minerals (GS-3) are essential for modern technologies and industries, but their supply chains are often concentrated in a few countries, raising concerns about geopolitical risks and economic stability.

These minerals are vital for various sectors, including:  

Energy: Batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines  

Technology: Smartphones, computers, and electric vehicles   .

Defense: Aerospace, military hardware, and electronics  

Examples of Critical Minerals:

Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Used in magnets, electronics, and green technologies.  

Lithium: Essential for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage.  

Cobalt: Key component in lithium-ion batteries and electric motors.  

Nickel: Used in stainless steel, batteries, and superalloys.  

Manganese: Crucial for steel production and batteries.  

Challenges and Opportunities:

Supply Chain Concentration: Many critical minerals are sourced from a few countries, making supply chains vulnerable to geopolitical disruptions.  

Environmental Impacts: Mining and processing of critical minerals can have significant environmental consequences, including habitat destruction and pollution.  

Technological Advancements: Research and development are focused on finding alternatives and improving extraction and processing methods to reduce environmental impact and diversify supply chains.  

Global Efforts:

Diversification: Countries are exploring new sources and investing in domestic production to reduce reliance on a few suppliers.  

Recycling: Recycling technologies are being developed to recover critical minerals from electronic waste and other sources.  

International Cooperation: Governments and organizations are working together to address supply chain challenges and promote sustainable practices.  

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